| LIST OF TABLES | 7 |
| LIST OF FIGURES | 9 |
| LIST OF MAPS | 9 |
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| INTRODUCTION | 11 |
| 1. GEOGRAPHICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS | 13 |
| 1.1. Transcarpathia as an independent geographical and political identity | 13 |
| 1.2. The size of the language and ethnic groups living in Transcarpathia, and their proportio within the entire population from the turn of the century | 14 |
| 1.3. The geographical position of the Hungarian community living in Transcarpathia | 21 |
| 1.4. The structure of settlement of Transcarpathian Hungarians, the degree of linguistics and ethnic variety within the regions inhabited by them, characteristic settlement types | 24 |
| 1.5. Migration within the region | 30 |
| |
| 2. POLITICS | 33 |
| 2.1. Legal status | 33 |
| 2.2. Political organization (parties, movements) | 35 |
| 2.3. Representation in administrative bodies | 37 |
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| 3. RELIGION | 39 |
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| 4. CULTURE | 41 |
| 4.1. Institutions of minority culture | 41 |
| 4.1.1. Book publishing | 41 |
| 4.1.2. Theatres | 42 |
| 4.1.3. Hungarian scientific life | 42 |
| 4.1.4. Libraries | 43 |
| 4.1.5. Central nationality institutions | 43 |
| 4.2. Educational system | 44 |
| 4.2.1. Nursery schools | 44 |
| 4.2.2. Schools | 44 |
| 4.2.3. Professional training | 48 |
| 4.2.4. Higher education | 50 |
| 4.2.5. Indices of education level of certain nationalities | 51 |
| 4.3. Mass communication | 52 |
| 4.3.1. Newspapers, journals | 52 |
| 4.3.2. Local Hungarian radio and television | 54 |
| 4.3.3. Access to the mass media | 54 |
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| 5. Economy | 57 |
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| 6. Identity awareness | 59 |
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| 7. Sociolinguistic situation | 63 |
| 7.1. Language planning | 63 |
| 7.2. The status of the languages used in present-day Ukraine | 64 |
| 7.3. Differences of status between the languages | 68 |
| 7.4. Public bilingualism | 69 |
| 7.5. Language conflicts | 70 |
| 7.5.1. Teaching Ukrainian in schools with Hungarian as the language of instruction | 70 |
| 7.5.2. School-leaving and entrance examinations | 74 |
| 7.5.3. The Concept of the reform of minority education | 78 |
| 7.5.4. What can we lose if we do not speak Ukrainian? | 80 |
| |
| SUMMARY | 85 |
| NOTES | 87 |
| REFERENCES | 89 |
| APPENDIX | 95 |
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támogatta.